Unicode guide/Implementations

This page is my attempt to document my research on unique or popular Unicode implementations supported in various languages and software, in order to get a good feel for the main page I'm writing. This is mostly in note form to avoid things getting out of control and only includes implementations I find interesting.

I apologize for not attaching sources to all of this, as always double check this in case things have changed.

C and C++
C and C++ provide limited functionality related to text handling.
 * Character type: 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit, encoding not defined
 * Byte strings: No, just regular arrays
 * Internal encoding: None
 * String encoding: Depends on locale
 * Supports bytes in strings: Depends on locale encoding
 * Supports surrogates in strings: Depends on locale encoding
 * Supports invalid code points in strings: Depends on locale encoding
 * Supports normalizing strings: No
 * Supports querying character properties: No
 * Supports breaking by code point: No
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: No
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: Yes
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: No (not applicable in C as it has no regex)
 * Classifies by: Locale information, only supports single characters
 * Collates by: Locale information, supports arbitrary strings
 * Converts case by: Locale information, only supports single characters
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Current locale
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: No

This could be classified as 'Unicode agnostic' however classification and case conversion is limited to single characters. As a result this is just broken even with the limited functionality it provides.

Different platforms usually provide clearer definition:

Actual support for locales depends on your libc implementation, and this affects most languages that run on your computer. For example, on Linux glibc seems to be the only libc that supports uppercasing Unicode text.
 * On POSIX, characters are usually 8-bit ASCII-compatible values
 * On Windows, characters are 16-bit UTF-16-compatible values

Lua
Lua describes itself as 'encoding-agnostic', whatever that is. It certainly handles ASCII well.


 * Character type: Byte, encoding not defined
 * Byte strings: No
 * Internal encoding: None
 * String encoding: Undefined
 * Supports bytes in strings: Depends on encoding
 * Supports surrogates in strings: Depends on encoding
 * Supports invalid code points in strings: Depends on encoding
 * Supports normalizing strings: No
 * Supports querying character properties: No
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes if encoded in UTF-8
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: No
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: No
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Not applicable, no regex at all
 * Classifies by: C APIs, maybe by locale, only supports 8-bit characters
 * Collates by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Converts case by: C APIs, maybe by locale, only supports 8-bit characters
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Per-process C locale
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: No

Overall there's no clear path here from reading bytes to handling Unicode.

Bonus points for the string.reverse function that will break Unicode strings.

Python
Python spent an enormous amount of time adding Unicode support in version 3.


 * Character type: Unicode code point
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: 8-bits, 16-bits or 32-bit depending on the string
 * String encoding: Unicode code points
 * Supports bytes in strings: Yes, encoded as surrogates
 * Supports surrogates in strings: Yes
 * Supports invalid code points in strings: No
 * Supports normalizing strings: Yes
 * Supports querying character properties: Yes
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: No
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: Yes
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: No
 * Classifies by: Unicode properties
 * Collates by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Converts case by: Unicode database
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: Yes, with invalid bytes encoded as surrogates

This is better than most languages but still not most people would want.

Rust
Rust seems to define its API around UTF-8. It seems more well formed than Python's, but the lack of normalization confuses me.
 * Character type: Unicode scalar
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: UTF-8
 * String encoding: UTF-8
 * Supports bytes in strings: No
 * Supports surrogates in strings: No
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: No
 * Supports normalizing strings: No
 * Supports querying character properties: No
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: No
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: Whitespace only
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: UTF-16 only
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Not applicable, doesn't include regex
 * Classifies by: Unicode properties
 * Collates by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Converts case by: Unicode database
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: Optional

Java
Java is one of the early adopters of Unicode.


 * Character type: 16-bit
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: 16-bit integers
 * String encoding: UTF-16
 * Supports bytes in strings: No
 * Supports surrogates in strings: No
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: Yes
 * Supports normalizing strings: Yes
 * Supports querying character properties: Yes
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: No
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: Yes
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Yes
 * Classifies by: Unicode properties
 * Collates by: Unicode properties and locale
 * Converts case by: Unicode database and locale
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Providing a Locale object
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: Yes

Not great, especially since you can't use non-Unicode file paths.

JavaScript
JavaScript follows Java's model but with a few less features.
 * Character type: 16-bit
 * Byte strings: No
 * Internal encoding: 16-bit integers
 * String encoding: UTF-16
 * Supports bytes in strings: No
 * Supports surrogates in strings: No
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: Yes
 * Supports normalizing strings: Yes
 * Supports querying character properties: No
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: No
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: No
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Yes
 * Classifies by: Unicode properties
 * Collates by: Unicode properties and locale
 * Converts case by: Unicode database and locale
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Providing a locale object
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: Yes

Swift
Swift has an interesting idea about defining characters as extended grapheme clusters.
 * Character type: Multiple Unicode scalars making an extended grapheme cluster
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: 16-bit integers
 * String encoding: Extended grapheme cluster
 * Supports bytes in strings: No
 * Supports surrogates in strings: No
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: No
 * Supports normalizing strings: Automatic for equality, otherwise I don't know
 * Supports querying character properties: No
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: Yes
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: Yes
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: I don't know
 * Classifies by: I don't know
 * Collates by: I don't know
 * Converts case by: I don't know
 * Locale tailoring is done by: I don't know
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: I don't know

Documentation on Swift is kind of hard to read and vague, so I can't find answer a few of these questions.

Go
Go has a kind of unopinionated take here.
 * Character type: 32-bit integer, Unicode code point
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: None
 * String encoding: Unspecified, probably UTF-8
 * Supports bytes in strings: Yes
 * Supports surrogates in strings: No for UTF-8 strings
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: No for UTF-8 strings
 * Supports normalizing strings: No
 * Supports querying character properties: Yes
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes for UTF-8 text
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: No
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: No
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Yes
 * Classifies by: Unicode properties
 * Collates by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Converts case by: Unicode properties
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: No

I would probably put this between Lua and C for bad interfaces.

Bonus points for deciding shortening 'code point' to 'rune' is worth having to look up what a rune is.

Ruby
Ruby hasn't really had a major refactoring for Unicode like contemporary languages.


 * Character type: Arbitrarily large integers, unspecified character set
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: None
 * String encoding: Any
 * Supports bytes in strings: No for UTF-8/UTF-16/UTF-32 strings
 * Supports surrogates in strings: No for UTF-8 strings
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: No for UTF-8 strings
 * Supports normalizing strings: Yes
 * Supports querying character properties: Yes
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes for UTF-8 text
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: Yes
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: Yes
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Yes
 * Classifies by: Unicode properties
 * Collates by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Converts case by: Unicode properties with Turkic language support
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: No

If you use UTF-8 strings only in Ruby then you might be able to have a good experience.

Erlang
Erlang is kind of an alien language compared to all the above.


 * Character type: Integer, Unicode code point
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: I don't know
 * String encoding: A mix of integers or UTF-8 strings
 * Supports bytes in strings: Yes
 * Supports surrogates in strings: Yes
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: Yes
 * Supports normalizing strings: Yes
 * Supports querying character properties: No
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: Yes
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: Yes
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Yes
 * Classifies by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Collates by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Converts case by: I don't know
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: No

Unicode support seems fairly limited and confusing here.

Raku
Raku seems to have had the most thought put in to its Unicode support.


 * Character type: 32-bit integer
 * Byte strings: Yes
 * Internal encoding: A mix of signed integers of various sizes
 * String encoding: Normalized grapheme clusters
 * Supports bytes in strings: Yes
 * Supports surrogates in strings: I don't know
 * Supports invalid code units in strings: I don't know
 * Supports normalizing strings: Yes
 * Supports querying character properties: Yes
 * Supports breaking by code point: Yes
 * Supports breaking by extended grapheme cluster: Yes
 * Supports breaking by text boundaries: No
 * Supports encoding and decoding to other encodings: Yes
 * Supports Unicode regex extensions: Yes
 * Classifies by: Unicode properties
 * Collates by: Unicode properties
 * Converts case by: I don't know
 * Locale tailoring is done by: Doesn't provide an API for this
 * Wraps operating system APIs with Unicode ones: Yes, with UTF-C8 to escape bytes

Interesting it doesn't contain wrappers like isalpha, isupper, etc.